Nouns
A type of word that represents an entity (tangible or intangible). Can be represented by a Noun Phrase (NP) which contains a nucleus and surrounding quantifiers and modifiers.
Roles
Causer / Voluntary Subject
The ü particle precedes this noun phrase.
During causative sentences, a NP with this role represents the causer. Otherwise, an NP with this role will be the agent or experiencer of the action. The nature of this role is that the marked noun phrase is making the choice to commit the act of the predicate of their own free will.
When used with the negatitive particle yök it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the subject of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but by something other than the marked noun phrase.
Causee / Involuntary Subject
The ölë particle precedes this noun phrase.
During causative sentences, a NP with this role will represent the causee. Otherwise, an NP with this role will be the agent or experiencer of the action. The nature of this role is that the marked noun phrase is not making the choice to commit the act of their own free will. Either they are bound/forced to xe so or they xe not have the wherewithal to make a conscious choice on the matter and are acting out of some basic instinst.
When used with the negatitive particle yök it has the same semantic interpretation as the voluntary subject particle.
Patient, Theme, Stimulus (Direct Object)
No particle precedes this noun phrase, instead it exists immediately following the verb that is being used. Verbs act like prepositions when they are preceded by verb markers or no marker at all.
The role of this object is for the special thematic argument to transitive verbs. The argument (the direct object) can be broken down into sub-types: a patient, a theme, or a stimulus. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "to" and "into" (many English verbs don't rely on a preposition particle to introduce their direct object).
Not using this particle can have an impact on how base verb sentences are interpreted. Without providing a direct object, a base verb is interpreted as being intransitive or in an unthematic and generic manner (since no theme is being provided). That being said, sometimes it's easiest to just think of an implicit nı existing in the direct object slot.
A patient is an entity that undergoes the action and changes state in some manner. A theme is an entiy that undergoes the action but doesn't change state. A stimulus is an entity that prompts or triggers the emotional or sensory action that is being described. These kinds of direct objects aren't separately marked because which kind of object is being specified can be determined from the verb that is being used.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the argument of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with an object that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Instrument or Manner
The vio particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent some entity that was used to carry out the action. It can also represent the way or manner with which the action was carried out. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "with", "using", and "via".
This preposition and the remaining described here can be used with intransitive and transitive verb predicates and are only needed in certain circumstances when extra thematic information is useful to describing the predicate in a new way. These prepositions are known as true thematic relations. Subjects (ü or ölë) are honorary members of the thematic relation club since they are usually called morphosyntactic arguments. They are included in the same class of word as the true thematic relations to simplify the grammatical system. This system is what allows the language to have free constituent ordering.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the manner of instrument of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but in a manner or with an object that is something other than the marked noun phrase. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "without".
Location or Time
The hoi particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent where or when the action occurs. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "in", "at", and "on".
The counterpart of this particle is lon for distance and duration. Unlike that particle, when you provide an amount of time to hoi it means the length of time that it took to achieve the task specified in the rest of the predicate.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the location or time of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but at a location or time that is somewhere other than the marked noun phrase.
Direction or Destination (Indirect Object)
The müt particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent where the action is directed towards. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "to", "into", and "towards". Any time you might need an indrect object or *recipient, you can use this preposition to describe that constituent.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the recipient of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with recipient that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Source or Origin
The sün particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent where the action originated. In English, this represents nearly all of the senses of the word "from" (except for differentiation and causation).
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
noyo döstoc lipü in luvono sün sıskın moskül noyo. I got a letter from my brother.
nimü köi döstoc yök vısun nëös sün nec öni tüek nucoto. You can't get all your news from the Internet.
tömös övo sün dus eson tukwos dus. This manuscript is from the 1980s.
niün yünyoü si tömös xe hoı zomo mulö sün sokovü müt deku. He had books piled from floor to ceiling.
niün lı si cok hoi lono xopëk sün sınsi Xıkogö. He departed yesterday from Chicago.
küu pono pı elentët sün pëlëtë. Face away from the wall!
lono kon wëloı sün suhot eson müt suhot tiü.The working day runs from 9 am to 5 pm.
köi wedo oxon doinpi sün lono dus xëti yë wuto xëti. Tickets are available from 17th July.
düstu tönkö nimü sün kut müt dus. Rate your pain from 1 to 10.
küu socok xe köto mikdol sün kut. Start counting from 1.
nimü köi pëüdo ozüul sün söhoük müt kon cukto. You can study anything from math to literature.
küu dënëmëk xe dëko nı sün pındü niün yë dëko. Try to see it from his point of view.
sün mulö yë nıwos küon ü nimü pı yoüti köi dëko pümi yë cënpö möi. From the top of the lighthouse you can just see the mainland.
düi dus sün son dus kut di önsu. 20 from 31 leaves 11.
lipü gelmıs yë voko mevüs lono pı möcipo pön xe lı mevüs sün lozö yë pinton lono. A parasol protects from the sun's rays.
köson nı sün ülögun nulun sëlpö sovin. It's made from pure gold.
ƨɀ ʌ́ıc̄ ʓɟʋʄ ɽ̃ɟ ʓʃɤƨ ɐ̃ʄ ɐ́ȷɔ̃ȷ ƶ́ɔ͊ʄ ƨɀ. I got a letter from my brother.
ƨɟƶʄ ɔıɽɟ ʌ́ıc̄ ɀ̑ı ɤȷɐ̃ʃ ƨʇɽ́ı ɐ̃ʄ ƨ̄ɿ ɽıƨɟ cʄɽ̑ɿ ƨʃꞇc. You can't get all your news from the Internet.
cıƶ́ı ɽıɤ ɐ̃ʄ ʌ́ʃ ɽɿɐ̃ c̑ʃʒ́ ʌ́ʃ. This manuscript is from the 1980s.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ɀ̃ʄɀɽʄ ɐɟ cıƶ́ı ɋɿ ɂɽȷ ⱴƶ ƶʃʓı ɐ̃ʄ ɐɔɤʄ ƶ̆ʄ ʌɿɔʃ. He had books piled from floor to ceiling.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʓȷ ɐɟ ꞇ̑ ɂɽɟ ʓƨ ɋʋ̑ʇ ɐ̃ʄ ɐ̃ȷɐɟ ‹ɋȷɔꜿı›. He departed yesterday from Chicago.
ɔʄɽʃ ʋƨ ʋȷ ɽɿʓ̃ɿc̆ʇ ɐ̃ʄ ʋʇʓʇcʇ. Face away from the wall!
ʓƨ ɔ̃ ʒʇʓɽȷ ɐ̃ʄ ɐʃɂ̆ ɽɿɐ̃ ƶ̆ʄ ɐʃɂ̆ cɟɽʄ.The working day runs from 9 am to 5 pm.
ɔıɽɟ ʒɿʌ ɽɋ̃ ʌɽ̃ɟʋɟ ɐ̃ʄ ʓƨ ʌ́ʃ ɋʇcɟ ɀʇ ʒʃc ɋʇcɟ. Tickets are available from 17th July.
ʌ́ʄcʃ c̃ıɔı ƨɟƶʄ ɐ̃ʄ ɔ̆ʃ ƶ̆ʄ ʌ́ʃ. Rate your pain from 1 to 10.
ɔʄɽʃ ɐꞇ̑ ɋɿ ɔıc ƶ̑ɟʌ͊ ɐ̃ʄ ɔ̆ʃ. Start counting from 1.
ƨɟƶʄ ɔıɽɟ ʋʇɽʄʌ ɽⱴʄɽ͊ʃ ɐ̃ʄ ɐıɂɽ̑ʄ ƶ̆ʄ ɔ̃ ꞇ̑ʃc. You can study anything from math to literature.
ɔʄɽʃ ʌʇƨʇƶ̑ʇ ɋɿ ʌʇɔ ƨȷ ɐ̃ʄ ʋ̃ȷʌʄ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ɀʇ ʌʇɔ. Try to see it from his point of view.
ɐ̃ʄ ƶʃʓı ɀʇ ƨȷʒ́ ɔʄɽ̃ ɽʄ ƨɟƶʄ ʋȷ ɀɽʄcɟ ɔıɽɟ ʌʇɔ ʋʄƶɟ ɀʇ ꞇ̃ʇʋı ƶıɽɟ. From the top of the lighthouse you can just see the mainland.
ʌʄɽɟ ʌ́ʃ ɐ̃ʄ ɐ̃ ʌ́ʃ ɔ̆ʃ ʌɟ ɽ̃ıɐʃ. 20 from 31 leaves 11.
ʓɟʋʄ ꜿ͊ɿƶ́ȷ ɀʇ ɤɔ ƶɿɤ́ʄ ʓƨ ʋȷ ƶıꞇɟʋ ʋ̃ı ɋɿ ʓȷ ƶɿɤ́ʄ ɐ̃ʄ ʓⱴı ɀʇ ʋ̃ɟc̃ ʓƨ. A parasol protects from the sun's rays.
ɔıɐ̃ ƨȷ ɐ̃ʄ ɽʄʓıꜿ̃ʃ ƨʃʓ̃ʃ ɐ͊ʇʋı ɐɤ̃ɟ. It's made from pure gold.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the source or origin of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a source or origin that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Beneficiary or Purpose
The oxon particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent for whose benefit the action occurs or the reason for the action. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "for".
There are many varying uses of the English word "for" and they don't all line up under oxon so I'd like to take a moment to run through most of the interpretations that are in the wiktionary entry.
- ⛔ Towards; in the direction of.
- ✅ Directed at; intended to belong to.
- ✅ In order to help, benefit, gratify, honor etc. (someone or something).
- ✅ Befitting of someone’s beliefs, needs, wants, skills, or tastes; best suited to.
- ✅ To be used or treated in a stated way, or with a stated purpose.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
övo lı gongoxi ülögun nëös oxon oütö gisgül noyo. This is a new bell for my bicycle.
piek süwit onö oxon köndodü yë üsën dizël yë umo Tomu ün Helen. The cake is for Tom and Helen's anniversary.
küöxı övo hoi övo oxon xe mokon. dizel oxon xe lı ëo vonmot. These apples here are for eating. The rest are for throwing away.
ɽıɤ ʓȷ ꜿ̃ꜿɋɟ ɽʄʓıꜿ̃ʃ ƨʇɽ́ı ɽɋ̃ ɽɽʄcı ꜿ́ɟꜿ͊ʄ ƨɀ. This is a new bell for my bicycle.
ʋɟɽ̑ɿ ɐʄʒ̆ɟ ɽƨı ɽɋ̃ ɔ̃ıʌʌʄ ɀʇ ɽʄɐ̃ʇ ʌɟⱴ͊ʇ ɀʇ ɽʃƶ ‹cƶʃ› ɽ̃ʄ ‹ɂɿʓ̃ɿ›. The cake is for Tom and Helen's anniversary.
ɔʄɽıɋȷ ɽıɤ ɂɽɟ ɽıɤ ɽɋ̃ ɋɿ ƶɔ̃. ʌɟⱴ͊ɿ ɽɋ̃ ɋɿ ʓȷ ɽʇɽ ɤ̃ƶ̆. These apples here are for eating. The rest are for throwing away.
- ✅ Supporting, in favour of. (Antonym: against)
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
- ⛔ Because of.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
niün moskül pit köto yök vos niün zütö nı, ün nënko ulyö ü niün wohi pëmon yök xe lı yöüli müt niün moskül.He wouldn't apologize; and just for that, she refused to help him.
niün lı xoinpo pı dëko pı xön eswen nënko xe nocido si pügot. He looks better for having lost weight. (UK usage)
noyo süko niün nënko ëto mötivö. I like her for lots of reasons.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ƶ́ɔ͊ʄ ʋ̆ɟ ɔıc ɀ̑ı ɤ́ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ⱴʄcı ƨȷ, ɽ̃ʄ ƨ̃ʇɔ ɽ͊ʃɀı ɽʄ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʒɂɟ ʋʇƶ̃ ɀ̑ı ɋɿ ʓȷ ɀıɽʄʓɟ ƶ̆ʄ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ƶ́ɔ͊ʄ.He wouldn't apologize; and just for that, she refused to help him.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʓȷ ɋɽ̃ɟʋ ʋȷ ʌʇɔ ʋȷ ɋ̃ı ɽ́ɿʒ̃ɿ ƨ̃ʇɔ ɋɿ ƨꞇɟʌ ɐɟ ʋʄꜿ̆. He looks better for having lost weight. (UK usage)
ƨɀ ɐʄɔ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ƨ̃ʇɔ ɽʇc ƶıcɟɤı. I like her for lots of reasons.
- ✅ Intended to cure, remove or counteract; in order to cure, remove or counteract.
- ⛔ Over (a period of time).
- ⛔ Throughout or across (a distance in space).
- ⛔ Used to introduce a subject of a to-infinitive clause.
- ✅ On behalf of.
- ⛔ In the role or capacity of; instead of; in place of.
- ⛔ In exchange for; in correspondence or equivalence with.
- ✅ In order to obtain or acquire.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
noyo pelëxu oxon mülü xe hoi könyëc küngiyo yë lono cınöpu. I am aiming for completion by the end of business Thursday.
niün pëüdo oxon cëo yë mulö ëto. He's going for his doctorate.
nimü völun xe lı lö oxon iskö ülzo ko. xe you want to go for coffee?
umo xe nıwos hoi möi poxö yë küöcyo Elovo, diyondë si umo Delvi oxon zuwopü. People all over Greece looked to Delphi for answers.
nimü köi lı lö müt guvuyo oxon yoüti hüwu ko. Can you go to the store for some eggs?
noyo wëko muni pı söpo oxon oütö. I'm saving up for a car.
ƨɀ ʋɿʓʇɋʃ ɽɋ̃ ƶʄʓʄ ɋɿ ɂɽɟ ɔ̃ıɀ̄ʇ ɔ̃ʄꜿɟɀ ɀʇ ʓƨ ꞇȷƨıʋʃ. I am aiming for completion by the end of business Thursday.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʋʇɽʄʌ ɽɋ̃ ꞇʇɽ ɀʇ ƶʃʓı ɽʇc. He's going for his doctorate.
ƨɟƶʄ ɤıʓ̃ʃ ɋɿ ʓȷ ʓı ɽɋ̃ ɽ́ɟɔı ɽ͊ʄⱴ ɔ. xe you want to go for coffee?
ɽʃƶ ɋɿ ƨȷʒ́ ɂɽɟ ƶıɽɟ ʋɋı ɀʇ ɔʄɽ̄ıɀ ‹ɽɿʓɤ›, ʌɟɀ̃ʌʇ ɐɟ ɽʃƶ ‹ʌ͊ɿɤɟ› ɽɋ̃ ⱴʃʒʋʄ. People all over Greece looked to Delphi for answers.
ƨɟƶʄ ɔıɽɟ ʓȷ ʓı ƶ̆ʄ ꜿʃɤʃɀ ɽɋ̃ ɀɽʄcɟ ɂʄʒʃ ɔ. Can you go to the store for some eggs?
ƨɀ ʒʇɔ ƶʃƨɟ ʋȷ ɐıʋ ɽɋ̃ ɽɽʄcı. I'm saving up for a car.
- ⛔ By the standards of, usually with the implication that those standards are lower than one might otherwise expect; considering.
- ⛔ To be, or as being.
- ⛔ (usually in the phrase 'for all') Despite, in spite of.
- ✅ Indicating something desired or anticipated.
- ⛔ (in expressions such as 'for a start') Introducing the first item(s) in a potential sequence .
- ✅ (with names, chiefly US) In honor of; after.
- ⛔ (UK) Due for or facing (a certain outcome or fate).
- ⛔ (chiefly US) Out of; used to indicate a fraction, a ratio
- ⛔ (cricket) Used as part of a score to indicate the number of wickets that have fallen.
- ⛔ Used in various more-or-less idiomatic ways to construe individual verbs, indicating various semantic relationships such as target, purpose, result, etc.; see also the entries for individual phrasal verbs, e.g. ask for, look for, stand for, etc.
- ✅ (nonstandard) So (that), in order to
When oxon used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the beneficiary/purpose of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a beneficiary/purpose that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Cause
The nënko particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent what caused the action to occur or a past reason that led to the action. Not to be confused with the causer of the action (ü), this NP would represent a broader sense including what caused the causer. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "because".
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the cause of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a cause that is something other than the marked noun phrase. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "despite".
Collaborator
The ovek particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent a fellow actor that is also engaged in the same action as the subject. However, the NP is not considered a subject of the sentence. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "with".
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from participating in the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a participant that is something other than the marked noun phrase. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "without".
Context or Condition
The hön particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent an overarching topic, contextual detail, or a condition for the underlying sentence. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "regarding", "given", "as for", and "when".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Also, when you would like to utilize an adjective complement to complete the meaning of a subject complete (lı), you would place the complement in a hön NP.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the topic or context of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a topic/context that is something other than the marked noun phrase. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "regardless".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Counter-Agent
The dën particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that either represent a special kind of goal/agent for verbs that indicates an opposing agent for verbs that indicate an action that is oppositional (where both sides are engaging in an opposing action). In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "against".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the counter-agent of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a counter-agent that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Evidence
The oldıs particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent proof or an information source that the specified action is known or believed to have occurred, is occurring, or will occur. In English, this represents some of the senses of the phrases "or so", "per", and "according to".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the proof/source of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with proof or a source that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Distance or Duration
The lon particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent the time or space that the action occurs within. This role is related to the location/time role but it represents finite physical space or actual time periods. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "for".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the distance or duration of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a duration or distance that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Intermediate
The gıtno particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for either a NP that represents the a time or physical entity that the action occurs between or a conjunction of two NPs that represent two boundaries in time or space that the action occurs between. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "between".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the intermediary entity of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with an intermediary that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Similative
The mıslı particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for a NP that represents something that the action or state of the predicate resembles or is a likeness of. It can also be used to introduce a simile. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "like" and "as". When used with a subordinate clause, it can also represent the English phrase "as if".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is not a likeness of the action or state of the predicate. In English, the word "unlike" would be an equivalent.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive
The yë particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for a NP that is describing the preceding noun or verb phrase in some contextually dependent manner. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "of".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
This particle isn't used with the negatitive particle yök because it's meant to describe nouns through associating other nouns and there's already an existing way to describe zero nouns (xünyu). You can achieve a similar kind of negative association by using a relative clause.
From...
Converting from the other content types into nouns.
Verbs
When a verb acts as a noun, it represents an archetypal object that has or will be involved in the happening of that verb action. Like "-ed" in English but also there are many concrete terms that English has to refer to these entities already. These are direct objects, patients and themes that would be logical to use in a sentence where you use that verb.
Modifiers
When a modifier acts as a noun, it means an uncountable quality and/or degree of being a given state. Like the affix "-ness" in English. One way of making a noun out of a modifier is to provide it as the nucleus of a verb or a preposition phrase. Verbs and preposition particles always take the word is immediately following it as a noun derivation of that word and it is the nucleus of the preposition phrase (as long as it's a content word, other prepositions can cause argument to be skipped).
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Another way is to create a genitive phrase by preceding the modifier with the yë particle. This particle means that whatever word type that the word immediately following it is, take the noun derivation of that word type.
This is especially useful for the typical reason that genitive phrases are useful: it allows you to describe a quality with some modifiers of its own. One of the most common usages is when adding a degree to a modifier:
Since Hisyëö has less than 800 words, using genitive phrases with modifiers allows you to create more complex phrases that would require several sentences to formulate otherwise.
Noun Clauses
A noun can be concrete or abstract, it doesn't have to be some physical entity or even a finite state. It can be a process or really anything that you might want to refer to and use as a subject or object of a sentence. In Hisyëö, you can create these complex nouns by building sentences within a special clause called a Noun Clause. In order to create one of these clauses, you must start with a particle. There are two special words available that can be used to introduce a noun clause:
After this particle, you start your sentence. In the infinitive/gerund form, you do not provide an agent/experiencer (subject) of the sentence because this is the nature of how infinitives are used: a noun that refers to the meaning expressed by the inner sentence but referred holisitically as an object in the outer sentence.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
While these noun clause gerunds are very useful, you must be careful to discern the distinction of meaning between the gerund usage of a noun clause leading particle and the abstract particle preceding a content word. The abstract form should be thought of as "acts of" or "matters of" which should be seen as more of a loose relationship than using a noun clause as a gerund. "acts/matters of eating meat" means something different from "eating meat".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
The first sentence implies that the speaker hates specifically the act of eating meat whereas the second sentence implies that the speaker hates matters of meat eating altogether which broadens the hate to anything related to the act or its part in human life or otherwise.
The other form of noun phrase (vos) includes a subject or if one is not provided then, like a normal sentence, it should be intepreted as "there is" or "it is" depending on the predicate that is provided. This form of noun phrase is useful when you need to introduce a clause that changes (or removes) the subject from the underlying sentence. Some verbs primarily are used with some form of noun clause as their object and this form allows for a complete sentence to be included as that object.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
The English sentence in the translation above "I want you to want me" is using an indirect object of "you" and an direct object infinitve phrase of "to want me". This might seem like the wrong translation since there is a preposition that Hisyëö typically uses for indirect objects. This is just an example of some of the irregular English grammar around the use of the verb "to want". In Hisyëö, the best approach is to use a finite noun phrase where the indirect object of the English sentence is now the subject of the inner noun clause.
There are other uses of these same clause particles as relative clause introducers and you can learn more about those usages in the Modifiers chapter.