Nouns
A type of word that represents an entity (tangible or intangible). Can be represented by a Noun Phrase (NP) which contains a nucleus and surrounding quantifiers and modifiers.
Roles
Causer / Voluntary Subject
The ü particle precedes this noun phrase. If this is the first noun phrase of a sentence, the particle can be omitted.
During causative sentences, a NP with this role represents the causer. During non-causative sentences, a NP with this role will be the agent or experiencer of the action or state. Additionally during non-causative sentences, the marked noun phrase is making the choice to commit the act or experience the state of the predicate of their own free will.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the subject of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but by something other than the marked noun phrase.
Causee / Involuntary Subject
The ölë particle precedes this noun phrase.
During causative sentences, a NP with this role will represent the causee. During non-causative sentences, an NP with this role will be the agent or experiencer of the action. Additionally during non-causative sentences, the marked noun phrase is not making the choice to commit the act of their own free will. Either they are bound/forced to do so or they do not have the wherewithal to make a conscious choice on the matter and are acting out of some basic instinst.
When used with the negatitive particle yök it has the equivalent semantic interpretation as the voluntary subject particle ü.
Patient, Theme, Stimulus (Direct Object)
Any one of the verb words precedes this noun phrase. Between the verb and the noun phrase can exist several verb modifier particles. See Verbs for more details.
The role of this object is for the special thematic argument to transitive verbs. The argument (the direct object) can be broken down into sub-types: a patient, a theme, or a stimulus. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "to" and "into" (many English verbs don't rely on a preposition particle to introduce their direct object).
You can provide a verb prepositionally without also providing a direct object NP. Simply start another preposition, use a connector to create a compound sentence, use a comma to end a clause or use a period to end a sentence. Not using this particle can have an impact on how base verb sentences are interpreted. Without providing a direct object, a base verb is interpreted as being intransitive or in an unthematic and generic manner (since no theme is being provided). That being said, sometimes it's easiest to just think of an implicit nı existing in the direct object slot.
A patient is an entity that undergoes the action and changes state in some manner. A theme is an entiy that undergoes the action but doesn't change state. A stimulus is an entity that prompts or triggers the emotional or sensory action that is being described. These kinds of direct objects aren't separately marked because which kind of object is being specified can be determined from the verb that is being used.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the argument of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with an object that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Manner or Material
The bı particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent the manner or material of the predicate. In English, this is represented by the use of words with the "-ly" suffix (adverbs) or some senses of the words "by" and "with".
This preposition and the remaining described here can be used with intransitive and transitive verb predicates and are only needed in certain circumstances when extra thematic information is useful to describing the predicate in a new way. These prepositions are known as true thematic relations. Subjects (ü or ölë) are honorary members of the thematic relation club since they are usually called morphosyntactic arguments. They are included in the same class of word as the true thematic relations to simplify the grammatical system. This system is what allows the language to have free constituent ordering.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the manner or material of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but in a manner that is something other than the marked noun phrase. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "without".
Instrument or Means
The tö particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent some entity that was used to carry out the action. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "with", "using", "by", and "via".
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the means or instrument of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but by means or with an object that is something other than the marked noun phrase. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "without".
Location or Time
The hoi particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent where or when the action occurs. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "in", "at", and "on".
The counterpart of this particle is lon for distance and duration. Unlike the lon particle, when you provide an amount of time to hoi it means the length of time that it took to achieve the task specified in the rest of the predicate.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the location or time of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but at a location or time that is somewhere other than the marked noun phrase.
Direction or Destination (Indirect Object)
The müt particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent where the action is directed towards. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "to", "into", and "towards". Any time you might need an indrect object or recipient, you can use this preposition to describe that constituent.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the recipient of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with recipient that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Source or Origin
The sün particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent where the action originated. In English, this represents nearly all of the senses of the word "from" (except for differentiation and causation).
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
noyo döstoc libü in lufono sün sıskın moskül noyo. I got a letter from my brother.
nimü köi döstoc yök fısun nëös sün nec öni tüek nucoto. You can't get all your news from the Internet.
tömös öfo sün dus eson tukwos dus. This manuscript is from the 1980s.
niün yünyoü si tömös xe hoı zomo mulö sün sokofü müt deku. He had books piled from floor to ceiling.
niün lı si cok hoi lono xobëk sün sınsi Xıkogö. He departed yesterday from Chicago.
küu bono bı elentët sün bëlëtë. Face away from the wall!
lono kon wëloı sün suhot eson müt suhot tiü.The working day runs from 9 am to 5 pm.
köi wedo oxon doinbi sün lono dus xëti yë wuto xëti. Tickets are available from 17th July.
düstu tönkö nimü sün kut müt dus. Rate your pain from 1 to 10.
küu socok xe köto mikdol sün kut. Start counting from 1.
nimü köi bëüdo ozüul sün söhoük müt kon cukto. You can study anything from math to literature.
küu dënëmëk xe dëko nı sün bındü niün yë dëko. Try to see it from his point of view.
sün mulö yë nıwos küon ü nimü bı yoüti köi dëko bümi yë cënbö möi. From the top of the lighthouse you can just see the mainland.
düi dus sün son dus kut di önsu. 20 from 31 leaves 11.
libü gelmıs yë foko mefüs lono bı möcibo kös xe lı mefüs sün lozö yë binton lono. A parasol protects from the sun's rays.
köson nı sün ülögun nulun sëlbö sofin. It's made from pure gold.
ƨɀ ʌ́ıc̄ ʓɟʋʄ ɽ̃ɟ ʓʃɤƨ ɐ̃ʄ ɐ́ȷɔ̃ȷ ƶ́ɔ͊ʄ ƨɀ. I got a letter from my brother.
ƨɟƶʄ ɔıɽɟ ʌ́ıc̄ ɀ̑ı ɤȷɐ̃ʃ ƨʇɽ́ı ɐ̃ʄ ƨ̄ɿ ɽıƨɟ cʄɽ̑ɿ ƨʃꞇc. You can't get all your news from the Internet.
cıƶ́ı ɽıɤ ɐ̃ʄ ʌ́ʃ ɽɿɐ̃ c̑ʃʒ́ ʌ́ʃ. This manuscript is from the 1980s.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ɀ̃ʄɀɽʄ ɐɟ cıƶ́ı ɋɿ ɂɽȷ ⱴƶ ƶʃʓı ɐ̃ʄ ɐɔɤʄ ƶ̆ʄ ʌɿɔʃ. He had books piled from floor to ceiling.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʓȷ ɐɟ ꞇ̑ ɂɽɟ ʓƨ ɋʋ̑ʇ ɐ̃ʄ ɐ̃ȷɐɟ ‹ɋȷɔꜿı›. He departed yesterday from Chicago.
ɔʄɽʃ ʋƨ ʋȷ ɽɿʓ̃ɿc̆ʇ ɐ̃ʄ ʋʇʓʇcʇ. Face away from the wall!
ʓƨ ɔ̃ ʒʇʓɽȷ ɐ̃ʄ ɐʃɂ̆ ɽɿɐ̃ ƶ̆ʄ ɐʃɂ̆ cɟɽʄ.The working day runs from 9 am to 5 pm.
ɔıɽɟ ʒɿʌ ɽɋ̃ ʌɽ̃ɟʋɟ ɐ̃ʄ ʓƨ ʌ́ʃ ɋʇcɟ ɀʇ ʒʃc ɋʇcɟ. Tickets are available from 17th July.
ʌ́ʄcʃ c̃ıɔı ƨɟƶʄ ɐ̃ʄ ɔ̆ʃ ƶ̆ʄ ʌ́ʃ. Rate your pain from 1 to 10.
ɔʄɽʃ ɐꞇ̑ ɋɿ ɔıc ƶ̑ɟʌ͊ ɐ̃ʄ ɔ̆ʃ. Start counting from 1.
ƨɟƶʄ ɔıɽɟ ʋʇɽʄʌ ɽⱴʄɽ͊ʃ ɐ̃ʄ ɐıɂɽ̑ʄ ƶ̆ʄ ɔ̃ ꞇ̑ʃc. You can study anything from math to literature.
ɔʄɽʃ ʌʇƨʇƶ̑ʇ ɋɿ ʌʇɔ ƨȷ ɐ̃ʄ ʋ̃ȷʌʄ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ɀʇ ʌʇɔ. Try to see it from his point of view.
ɐ̃ʄ ƶʃʓı ɀʇ ƨȷʒ́ ɔʄɽ̃ ɽʄ ƨɟƶʄ ʋȷ ɀɽʄcɟ ɔıɽɟ ʌʇɔ ʋʄƶɟ ɀʇ ꞇ̃ʇʋı ƶıɽɟ. From the top of the lighthouse you can just see the mainland.
ʌʄɽɟ ʌ́ʃ ɐ̃ʄ ɐ̃ ʌ́ʃ ɔ̆ʃ ʌɟ ɽ̃ıɐʃ. 20 from 31 leaves 11.
ʓɟʋʄ ꜿ͊ɿƶ́ȷ ɀʇ ɤɔ ƶɿɤ́ʄ ʓƨ ʋȷ ƶıꞇɟʋ ɔ́ı ɋɿ ʓȷ ƶɿɤ́ʄ ɐ̃ʄ ʓⱴı ɀʇ ʋ̃ɟc̃ ʓƨ. A parasol protects from the sun's rays.
ɔıɐ̃ ƨȷ ɐ̃ʄ ɽʄʓıꜿ̃ʃ ƨʃʓ̃ʃ ɐ͊ʇʋı ɐɤ̃ɟ. It's made from pure gold.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the source or origin of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a source or origin that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Beneficiary or Purpose
The oxon particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent for whose benefit the action occurs or the reason for the action. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "for".
There are many varying uses of the English word "for" and they don't all line up under oxon so we've included an in-depth walkthrough of most of the interpretations that are in the wiktionary entry. The translations represent the proper way to formulate the desired semantic meaning.
- ⛔ Towards; in the direction of.
- ✅ Directed at; intended to belong to.
- ✅ In order to help, benefit, gratify, honor etc. (someone or something).
- ✅ Befitting of someone’s beliefs, needs, wants, skills, or tastes; best suited to.
- ✅ To be used or treated in a stated way, or with a stated purpose.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
öfo lı gongoxi ülögun nëös oxon oütö gisgül noyo. This is a new bell for my bicycle.
biek süwit onö oxon köndodü yë üsën dizël yë umo Tomu ün Helen. The cake is for Tom and Helen's anniversary.
küöxı öfo hoi öfo oxon xe mokon. dizel oxon xe lı ëo fonmot. These apples here are for eating. The rest are for throwing away.
ɽıɤ ʓȷ ꜿ̃ꜿɋɟ ɽʄʓıꜿ̃ʃ ƨʇɽ́ı ɽɋ̃ ɽɽʄcı ꜿ́ɟꜿ͊ʄ ƨɀ. This is a new bell for my bicycle.
ʋɟɽ̑ɿ ɐʄʒ̆ɟ ɽƨı ɽɋ̃ ɔ̃ıʌʌʄ ɀʇ ɽʄɐ̃ʇ ʌɟⱴ͊ʇ ɀʇ ɽʃƶ ‹cƶʃ› ɽ̃ʄ ‹ɂɿʓ̃ɿ›. The cake is for Tom and Helen's anniversary.
ɔʄɽıɋȷ ɽıɤ ɂɽɟ ɽıɤ ɽɋ̃ ɋɿ ƶɔ̃. ʌɟⱴ͊ɿ ɽɋ̃ ɋɿ ʓȷ ɽʇɽ ɤ̃ƶ̆. These apples here are for eating. The rest are for throwing away.
- ✅ Supporting, in favour of. (Antonym: against)
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
- ⛔ Because of.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
niün moskül bit köto yök fos niün zütö nı, ün nënko ulyö ü niün wohi bëmon yök xe lı yöüli müt niün moskül.He wouldn't apologize; and just for that, she refused to help him.
niün lı xoinbo bı dëko bı xön eswen nënko xe nocido si bügot. He looks better for having lost weight. (UK usage)
noyo süko niün nënko ëto mötifö. I like her for lots of reasons.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ƶ́ɔ͊ʄ ʋ̆ɟ ɔıc ɀ̑ı ɤ́ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ⱴʄcı ƨȷ, ɽ̃ʄ ƨ̃ʇɔ ɽ͊ʃɀı ɽʄ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʒɂɟ ʋʇƶ̃ ɀ̑ı ɋɿ ʓȷ ɀıɽʄʓɟ ƶ̆ʄ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ƶ́ɔ͊ʄ.He wouldn't apologize; and just for that, she refused to help him.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʓȷ ɋɽ̃ɟʋ ʋȷ ʌʇɔ ʋȷ ɋ̃ı ɽ́ɿʒ̃ɿ ƨ̃ʇɔ ɋɿ ƨꞇɟʌ ɐɟ ʋʄꜿ̆. He looks better for having lost weight. (UK usage)
ƨɀ ɐʄɔ ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ƨ̃ʇɔ ɽʇc ƶıcɟɤı. I like her for lots of reasons.
- ✅ Intended to cure, remove or counteract; in order to cure, remove or counteract.
- ⛔ Over (a period of time).
- ⛔ Throughout or across (a distance in space).
- ⛔ Used to introduce a subject of a to-infinitive clause.
- ✅ On behalf of.
- ⛔ In the role or capacity of; instead of; in place of.
- ⛔ In exchange for; in correspondence or equivalence with.
- ✅ In order to obtain or acquire.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
noyo belëxu oxon mülü xe hoi könyëc küngiyo yë lono cınöbu. I am aiming for completion by the end of business Thursday.
niün bëüdo oxon cëo yë mulö ëto. He's going for his doctorate.
nimü fölun xe lı lö oxon iskö ülzo ko. xe you want to go for coffee?
umo xe nıwos hoi möi boxö yë küöcyo Elofo, diyondë si umo Delfi oxon zuwobü. People all over Greece looked to Delphi for answers.
nimü köi lı lö müt gufuyo oxon yoüti hüwu ko. Can you go to the store for some eggs?
noyo wëko muni bı söbo oxon oütö. I'm saving up for a car.
ƨɀ ʋɿʓʇɋʃ ɽɋ̃ ƶʄʓʄ ɋɿ ɂɽɟ ɔ̃ıɀ̄ʇ ɔ̃ʄꜿɟɀ ɀʇ ʓƨ ꞇȷƨıʋʃ. I am aiming for completion by the end of business Thursday.
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʋʇɽʄʌ ɽɋ̃ ꞇʇɽ ɀʇ ƶʃʓı ɽʇc. He's going for his doctorate.
ƨɟƶʄ ɤıʓ̃ʃ ɋɿ ʓȷ ʓı ɽɋ̃ ɽ́ɟɔı ɽ͊ʄⱴ ɔ. xe you want to go for coffee?
ɽʃƶ ɋɿ ƨȷʒ́ ɂɽɟ ƶıɽɟ ʋɋı ɀʇ ɔʄɽ̄ıɀ ‹ɽɿʓɤ›, ʌɟɀ̃ʌʇ ɐɟ ɽʃƶ ‹ʌ͊ɿɤɟ› ɽɋ̃ ⱴʃʒʋʄ. People all over Greece looked to Delphi for answers.
ƨɟƶʄ ɔıɽɟ ʓȷ ʓı ƶ̆ʄ ꜿʃɤʃɀ ɽɋ̃ ɀɽʄcɟ ɂʄʒʃ ɔ. Can you go to the store for some eggs?
ƨɀ ʒʇɔ ƶʃƨɟ ʋȷ ɐıʋ ɽɋ̃ ɽɽʄcı. I'm saving up for a car.
- ⛔ By the standards of, usually with the implication that those standards are lower than one might otherwise expect; considering.
- ⛔ To be, or as being.
- ⛔ (usually in the phrase 'for all') Despite, in spite of.
- ✅ Indicating something desired or anticipated.
- ⛔ (in expressions such as 'for a start') Introducing the first item(s) in a potential sequence .
- ✅ (with names, chiefly US) In honor of; after.
- ⛔ (UK) Due for or facing (a certain outcome or fate).
- ⛔ (chiefly US) Out of; used to indicate a fraction, a ratio
- ⛔ (cricket) Used as part of a score to indicate the number of wickets that have fallen.
- ⛔ Used in various more-or-less idiomatic ways to construe individual verbs, indicating various semantic relationships such as target, purpose, result, etc.; see also the entries for individual phrasal verbs, e.g. ask for, look for, stand for, etc.
- ✅ (nonstandard) So (that), in order to
When oxon used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the beneficiary/purpose of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a beneficiary/purpose that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Cause
The nënko particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent what caused the action to occur or a past reason that led to the action. Not to be confused with the causer of the action (ü), this NP would represent a broader sense including what caused the causer. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "because".
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the cause of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a cause that is something other than the marked noun phrase. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "despite".
Collaborator
The ofek particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent a fellow actor that is also engaged in the same action as the subject. However, the NP is not considered a subject of the sentence. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "with".
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from participating in the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a participant that is something other than the marked noun phrase. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "without".
Context or Condition
The hön particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent an overarching topic, contextual detail, or a condition for the underlying sentence. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "regarding", "given", "as for", and "when".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Also, when you would like to utilize an adjective complement to complete the meaning of a subject complete (lı), you would place the complement in a hön NP.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the topic or context of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a topic/context that is something other than the marked noun phrase. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "regardless".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Counter-Agent
The dën particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that either represent a special kind of goal/agent for verbs that indicates an opposing agent for verbs that indicate an action that is oppositional (where both sides are engaging in an opposing action). In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "against".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the counter-agent of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a counter-agent that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Evidence
The oldıs particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent proof or an information source that the specified action is known or believed to have occurred, is occurring, or will occur. In English, this represents some of the senses of the phrases "or so", "per", and "according to".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the proof/source of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with proof or a source that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Distance or Duration
The lon particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for NPs that represent the time or space that the action occurs within. This role is related to the location/time role but instead of describing a moment or point in time/space, this noun phrase represents a period or length of time/space. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "for" or "until".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
These two roles might at first seem like a trivial distinction given that quantities already contextually indicate that you are referring to distance or duration. You can provide a point in time or space to this preposition and it will be treated like the act had some unknown start time and the end time was either specified by this noun phrase or is reached when the destination specified is reached.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
noyo lı lö müt gufuyo hoi suhot tukwos yë bıtün xobëk. "I was going to the market at 8 o'clock last night."
noyo lı lö müt gufuyo lon suhot tukwos hoi bıtün xobëk. "I was going to the market until 8 o'clock last night."
niün bı fiki lı lö müt gito könyëc lon xe dëko si gufuyo cüti yë iskö yë küöxı nomü müncü. "He was running to the finish line until he saw the lemonade stand."
niün bı fiki lı lö müt gito könyëc hoi xe dëko si gufuyo cüti yë iskö yë küöxı nomü müncü. "He was running to the finish line at the time he saw the lemonade stand."
ƨɀ ʓȷ ʓı ƶ̆ʄ ꜿʃɤʃɀ ɂɽɟ ɐʃɂ̆ c̑ʃʒ́ ɀʇ ʋȷc̃ʄ ɋʋ̑ʇ. "I was going to the market at 8 o'clock last night."
ƨɀ ʓȷ ʓı ƶ̆ʄ ꜿʃɤʃɀ ʓ̃ ɐʃɂ̆ c̑ʃʒ́ ɂɽɟ ʋȷc̃ʄ ɋʋ̑ʇ. "I was going to the market until 8 o'clock last night."
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʋȷ ɤɟɔɟ ʓȷ ʓı ƶ̆ʄ ꜿɟc ɔ̃ıɀ̄ʇ ʓ̃ ɋɿ ʌʇɔ ɐɟ ꜿʃɤʃɀ ꞇʄcɟ ɀʇ ɽ́ɟɔı ɀʇ ɔʄɽıɋȷ ƨƶʄ ƶ̃ʄꞇʄ. "He was running to the finish line until he saw the lemonade stand."
ƨɟɽ̃ʄ ʋȷ ɤɟɔɟ ʓȷ ʓı ƶ̆ʄ ꜿɟc ɔ̃ıɀ̄ʇ ɂɽɟ ɋɿ ʌʇɔ ɐɟ ꜿʃɤʃɀ ꞇʄcɟ ɀʇ ɽ́ɟɔı ɀʇ ɔʄɽıɋȷ ƨƶʄ ƶ̃ʄꞇʄ. "He was running to the finish line at the time he saw the lemonade stand."
To better understand why it's necessary to distinguish this from location/time, it might be useful to see the semantic relationship of four of the thematic roles:
- The source/origin role represents a true source/origin, sometimes contextually distant/ from the action or state.
- The location/time role represents the source/origin of just the act or state described in the sentence.
- The destination/recipient role represents a true destination/recipient, sometimes contextually distant/removed from the action or state.
- The distance/duration role represents the destination/recipient of just the act or state described in the sentence.
Using the term "recipient" loosely here, the only time an animate entity would be provided as a noun phrase to a distance/duration preposition would be if that entity related to a specific moment or location upon the path or duration of the action or state at which point it ceases.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the distance or duration of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with a duration or distance that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Intermediate
The gıtno particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for a NP that represents either:
- an entity that the action or state is in the midst of,
- an entity that the action or state was in the midst of but is now on the other side, or
- a conjunction of two NPs that represent two boundaries in time or space that the action occurs between.
In English, this represents some senses of the word "between" or "through".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
noyo köi mokon wutun höfezi xe gıtno biek wutun. "I could eat a hamburger."
nü küu tulutı gıtno tohılök pümi onö oxon xe bucono woküt. "We should go through the mountains to save time."
nimü köi dëko oütö onö gıtno kümun oboki zonübi onö ko. "Can you see the car through the south window?"
gıtno nimü ün noyo ü hiskünco in köson Hisyëö lı xön möi "Between you and me, Hisyëö is the best conlang."
ƨɀ ɔıɽɟ ƶɔ̃ ʒʃc̃ʃ ɂıɤɿⱴɟ ɋɿ ꜿ̆ȷƨ ʋɟɽ̑ɿ ʒʃc̃ʃ. "I could eat a hamburger."
ƨʄ ɔʄɽʃ cʃʓʃcȷ ꜿ̆ȷƨ cɂȷʓ̑ı pɽʄƶɟ ɽƨı ɽɋ̃ ɋɿ ʋʃꞇƨ ʒɔ̆ʄ. "We should go through the mountains to save time."
ƨɟƶʄ ɔıɽɟ ʌʇɔ ɽɽʄcı ɽƨı ꜿ̆ȷƨ ɔʄƶ̃ʃ ɽʋɔɟ ⱴƨʄʋɟ ɽƨı ɔ. "Can you see the car through the south window?"
ꜿ̆ȷƨ ƨɟƶʄ ɽ̃ʄ ƨɀ ɽʄ ɂ́ɟɔ̃ʄꞇ ɽ̃ɟ ɔıɐ̃ ‹ɂ́ɟɀʇɽı› ʓȷ ɋ̃ı ƶıɽɟ "Between you and me, Hisyëö is the best conlang."
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is either excluded from being the intermediary entity of the committed act of the predicate or that the act itself was committed but with an intermediary that is something other than the marked noun phrase.
Similative
The mıslı particle precedes this noun phrase.
This role is used for a NP that represents something that the action or state of the predicate resembles or is a likeness of. It can also be used to introduce a simile. In English, this represents some of the senses of the words "like" and "as". When used with a subordinate clause, it can also represent the English phrase "as if".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
xoinbo dëko ü loı mıslı sıskın loı. "He looks like his brother."
si tüu cö künhiun bis ü umo moskül nokdo mıslı xe ke zigil. "The old man stumbled, as if he were about to fall."
golfon onö fos noyo oncëmon nı cıhöü xe dëko non foko ösölë yë könyëc wëxön fëlcin mıslı yök ozüul fın fos noyo oncëmon si hoi öhël. The disgust I felt after watching last weekend's horror movie was unlike anything I had felt before.
umo Kıloüdio bı xünyu cokyen iskö fın cübü mıslı yök umo Fılıt fos poxö kon iskö cübü bı cokyen lı nıwos düi yë. Claudia hardly ever drinks beer or wine, unlike Phillip, for whom the bar is practically a second home.
ɋɽ̃ɟʋ ʌʇɔ ɽʄ ʓɽȷ ƶ́ȷʓȷ ɐ́ȷɔ̃ȷ ʓɽȷ. "He looks like his brother."
ɐɟ cʄɽʃ ꞇı ɔ̃ʄɂɟɽ̃ʃ ʋ́ɟ ɽʄ ɽʃƶ ƶ́ɔ͊ʄ ƨ̑ʌ ƶ́ȷʓȷ ɋɿ ɔɿ ⱴɟꜿ͊ɟ. "The old man stumbled, as if he were about to fall."
ꜿ͊ɤ̃ ɽƨı ɤ́ ƨɀ ɽ̃ꞇʇƶ̃ ƨȷ ꞇȷɂıɽʄ ɋɿ ʌʇɔ ƨ̃ ɤɔ ɽıɐıʓʇ ɀʇ ɔ̃ıɀ̄ʇ ʒʇɋ̃ı ɤ͊ʇꞇ̃ɟ ƶ́ȷʓȷ ɀ̑ı ɽⱴʄɽ͊ʃ ɤ̃ȷ ɤ́ ƨɀ ɽ̃ꞇʇƶ̃ ɐɟ ɂɽɟ ɽıɂ͊ʇ. The disgust I felt after watching last weekend's horror movie was unlike anything I had felt before.
ɽʃƶ ‹ɔȷʓɽʄʌɟɽ› ʋȷ ɋ̃ʄɀʃ ꞇ̑ɀ̃ɿ ɽ́ɟɔı ɤ̃ȷ ꞇʄʋʄ ƶ́ȷʓȷ ɀ̑ı ɽʃƶ ‹ɤȷʓ̆ȷ› ɤ́ pɽɋı ɔ̃ ɽ́ɟɔı ꞇʄʋʄ ʋȷ ꞇ̑ɀ̃ɿ ʓȷ ƨȷʒ́ ʌʄɽɟ ɀʇ. Claudia hardly ever drinks beer or wine, unlike Phillip, for whom the bar is practically a second home.
When used with the negatitive particle yök, it means that the marked noun phrase is not a likeness of the action or state of the predicate. In English, the word "unlike" would be an equivalent.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive
The yë particle precedes this noun phrase. There is a key syntactic difference from the other preposition phrases. For noun phrases with a genitive role, they appear directly after another noun phrase, they are not free-standing constituents of the sentence.
This role is used for a noun phrase that is either:
- an attribute
- a possessor, or
- has some other relationship
to the preceding noun. In English, this represents some of the senses of the word "of".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Using a genitive preposition phrase can create many different relationships between two noun phrases. What these relationships are differs depending on the context and the words chosen.
Below are a multitude of interesting genitive relationships from around the world. Not every example is directly translatable into English using the aforemented "of". Often English makes use of alternative prepositions like "with", "by", and "for", whereas Hisyëö only has those kinds of prepositions attached to a predicate of a sentence (essentially, they are associated to the verb of the sentence).
However, equipped with the simple yë preposition, context, and supporting word choices, you can effectively communicate all of these genitive relations. If your interlocutor still does not understand, you can make use of clarifying words to achieve the specific meaning you were after.
Descriptive Genitive - Specifies some detail of the preceding phrase. "described by" or "characterized by" are equivalent English expressions. This is a catch-all genitive for when the attribution is ambiguous.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
If you need to explain that the book has a red skin instead of being about red skin, you can clarify that the genitive relationship is descriptive by using di:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Possessive Genitive - Specifies the preceding phrase as being owned or possessed by the attached genitive phrase. "belonging to" or "possessed by" are English equivalents.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify that a genitive relationship is possessive by using yünyoü:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Familial Genitive - Specifies the preceding phrase as having a familial relationship with the attached genitive phrase. "related to" is an equivalent English expression. This is considered a subset of Possessive Genitive.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify a genitive relationship is familial by using litıwe:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Partitive Genitive - Specifies the preceding phrase as being part of some larger whole or set. "Which is part of" is an equivalent expression in English. Sometimes the preceding phrase only contains a quantity word or yogö.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify a genitive relationship is partitive by using yogö:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Attributive Genitive - Specifies the attached genitive phrase as being an attribute or innate quality of the preceding phrase. Semantically similar to regular modifier usage but more emphatic in its attribution.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify a genitive relationship is attributive by using di alone or yünyoü and di:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Attributed Genitive - Specifies the preceding phrase as being an attribute or innate quality of the attached genitive phrase. "attributed to" or "is an attribute of" are equivalent English expressions. The opposite of Attributive Genitive. The preceding phrase must be a concept that can be considered an attribute and the attached genitive phrase must be a thing that can be attributed (and specifically can be attributed the thing that is the preceding phrase).
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You could clarify this genitive relationship using litıwe although some directional ambiguity would remain:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You could clarify this genitive relationship using di although some directional ambiguity would remain:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You could also try clarifying that even further using limien:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Material - Specifies the preceding phrase as being made of a material. "made out of" or "consisting of" are equivalent English expressions.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify a genitive relationship is material by using küsowi:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Content - Specifies the preceding phrase as containing within itself the attached genitive phrase. "full of" or "containing" or equivalent English expressions. Similar to the Material Genitive but the contents are a separate entity from the material of the container.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify a genitive relationship is material by using yünyoü limien:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Epexegetical Genitive - Specifies the attached genitive phrase as being another separate way to explain the preceding phrase. "which is", "that is", "namely", "who is" are equivalent English expressions.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify this genitive relationship by using a subordinate clause and a copula instead of a genitive phrase:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Destination/Purpose - Specifies the destination or purpose that the preceding phrase is leading to. "for the purpose of", "destined for", "towards", "into" are equivalent English expressions.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify this genitive relationship by using a subordinate clause with an inner oxon preposition:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Production - Specifies that the preceding phrase is made by the attached genitive phrase. "produced by" is an equivalent English expression.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify that a genitive relationship is production by using oxon:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Product - Specifies that the preceding phrase is a producer of the attached genitive phrase. "which produces" is an equivalent English expression.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify that a genitive relationship is a product by using öni or foko:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
In fact, the first one using öni still requires the second yë because otherwise it would mean "an afraid causer" which is not the intending meaning. The second one, however, does not require either yë because of its coupling nature.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Separation - Specifies that the preceding phrase is separate from the attached genitive phrase. "out of", "away from" ,or simply "from" are equivalent English expressions.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify that a genitive relationship is separation by using a subordinate clause with di and sün:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Source - Specifies the origin of the preceding phrase. "out of", "derived from", "dependent on" are equivalent English expressions. This genitive can often be bettered expressed using the sun thematic role marker.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify that a genitive relationship is Source by using a subordinate clause with gö and sün:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Price/Value - Specifies the price or value of the preceding phrase. "for", "worth" are an equivalent English expressions. The attached genitive phrase must contain concepts of money, value or amount.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify that a genitive relationship is Price/Value by using wilüwo:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Time - Specifies the time or duration of the preceding phrase. "during", "at", "within", "for" are equivalent English expressions. The attached genitive phrase must contain concepts of time or duration.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify that a genitive relationship is Time by using woküt:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can also clarify this relationship using a subordinate clause and the preposition hoi:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Place - Specifies a vague local relation to the preceding phrase. "in", "at", "through", "over" are equivalent English expressions. The attached genitive phrase must contain concepts of location. Often uses the words opotu or sekano.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify that a genitive relationship is Place by using boxö:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can also clarify this relationship using a subordinate clause and hoi:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Means - Specifies the instrument or means of the preceding phrase. "by", "by means of" are equivalent English expressions. This genitive can often be better expressed using the wija thematic role marker.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify this relationship using a subordinate clause and tö:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Agency - Specifies the agent that is engaged with the preceding phrase. "by", "by means of" are equivalent English expressions. The attached genitive phrase must contain a person or other active entity to be seen as this type of genitive and often can be easily misconstrued as a Possessive Genitive.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify this relationship using a subordinate clause and tö:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Genitive of Reference - Specifies a reference entity that helps better explain the preceding phrase. "with reference to" or "with respect to" are equivalent English expressions. This genitive can often be bettered expressed using the so thematic role marker.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify this relationship using the connector en instead of a genitive phrase:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Subjective Genitive - Specifies or describes the subject of the preceding phrase when the preceding phrase is a verb phrase or a noun phrase that contains an action. This genitive can always be converted into a sentence where the genitive noun phrase is the subject of the action. Some constructions could either be subjective or objective genitive but context can help identify the appropriate type.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can also represent this genitive relationship by replacing the whole relation with a subordinate noun clause:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can also clarify this genitive relationship with kös:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Objective Genitive - Specifies or describes the object of the preceding phrase when the preceding phrase is a transitive verb phrase or a noun phrase that contains a transitive action. "for", "about", "concerning", "towards", "against" are English equivalent expressions. This genitive can always be converted into a sentence where the genitive noun phrase is the object of the action.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify this genitive relationship by replacing the whole relation with a subordinate noun clause while describing the object (and kös can be used to intepret "about" more appropriately):
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Plenary Genitive - Specifies or describes the subject and object of the preceding phrase when the preceding phrase is a verb phrase or a noun phrase that contains an action. Both subjective and objective genitive forms fit and the meanings should not contract but instead complement each other.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
You can clarify this genitive relationship by replacing the whole relation with a subordinate noun clause and xokön dizel:
This particle isn't used with the negatitive particle yök because it's meant to describe nouns through associating other nouns and there's already an existing way to describe zero nouns (xünyu). You can achieve a similar kind of negative association by using a relative clause.
From...
Converting from the other content types into nouns.
Verbs
When a verb acts as a noun, it represents an archetypal object that has or will be involved in the happening of that verb action. Like the suffix "-ed" in English but also there are many concrete terms that English has to refer to these entities already. There are four ways that verbs can be expressed as nouns.
Direct/Thematic Objects
When a verb is provided as a thematic object, it represents the archetypal object/patient/theme of that verb. This can be after verbs (direct objects) or after prepositions (thematic objects). In this position, they are the nucleus of a noun phrase.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Here mokon is being used as direct obect noun of the action "to cook". The thing that we cook (the position of the direct object) is called a "meal" and the thing that we eat is known as "food". Here, the "meal" is quite simply "food" in apposition.
Genitive Phrases
A verb can act as a noun when connected to a noun phrase using the yë particle.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Abstract Nouns
There is a special coupling particle (kon) that can convert verbs directly after it into a noun with abstract connotations that can be translated into English as "matters of" or "acts of". This form is often used as the equivalent of simple gerunds where there's no additional thematic context needed.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Agentive Nouns
There are two more particles that can convert verbs into nouns and they are both agentive in nature. This means that the final coupled noun is considered an agent of some action or state. For the first particle (öni), the entity is a directly engaged in the action or experiencing the state. For the second particle (foko), the agent is causing something else to engage in the action or experience the state.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Modifiers
When a modifier acts as a noun, it means an uncountable quality and/or degree of being a given state. Like the affix "-ness" in English. One way of making a noun out of a modifier is to provide it as the nucleus of a verb or a preposition phrase. Verbs and preposition particles always take the word is immediately following it as a noun derivation of that word and it is the nucleus of the preposition phrase (as long as it's a content word, other prepositions can cause argument to be skipped).
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Just like with verbs you can create a genitive phrase by preceding the modifier with the yë particle. This particle means that the modifier word that immediately following it is taken as the noun derivation of that word.
This is especially useful for the typical reason that genitive phrases are useful: it allows you to describe a quality with some modifiers of its own. One of the most common usages is when adding a degree to a modifier:
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Since Hisyëö has less than 900 words, using genitive phrases with modifiers allows you to create more complex phrases that would require several sentences to formulate otherwise. In fact, modifiers can also be used with kon, öni, and foko to make modifier-based abstract and agentive nouns.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
Noun Clauses
A noun can be concrete or abstract, it doesn't have to be some physical entity or even a finite state. It can be a process or really anything that you might want to refer to and use as a subject or object of a sentence. In Hisyëö, you can create these complex nouns by building sentences within a subordinate clause called a Noun Clause. In order to create one of these clauses, you must start with a particle. There are two special words available that can be used to introduce a noun clause:
- xe - Use this one for infinitives and gerunds
- fos - Use this one for complete inner sentences and indirect questions
After this particle, you start your sentence. In the infinitive/gerund form, you do not provide an agent/experiencer (subject) of the sentence because this is the nature of how infinitives are used: a noun that refers to the meaning expressed by the inner sentence but referred holisitically as an object in the outer sentence.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
While these noun clause gerunds are very useful, you must be careful to discern the distinction of meaning between the gerund usage of a noun clause leading particle and the abstract particle preceding a content word. The abstract form should be thought of as "acts of" or "matters of" which should be seen as more of a loose relationship than using a noun clause as a gerund. "acts/matters of eating meat" means something different from "eating meat".
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
The first sentence implies that the speaker hates specifically the act of eating meat whereas the second sentence implies that the speaker hates matters of meat eating altogether which broadens the hate to anything related to the act or its part in human life or otherwise.
The other form of noun phrase (fos) includes a subject or if one is not provided then, like a normal sentence, it should be intepreted as subjectless ("there is" or "it is") depending on the predicate that is provided. This form of noun phrase is useful when you need to introduce a clause that changes (or removes) the subject from the underlying sentence. Some verbs primarily are used with some form of noun clause as their object and this form allows for a complete sentence to be included as that object.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
The English sentence in the translation above "I want you to want me" is using an indirect object of "you" and an direct object infinitive phrase of "to want me". This might seem like the wrong translation since there is a preposition that Hisyëö typically uses for indirect objects. This is just an example of some of the irregular English grammar around the use of the verb "to want". In Hisyëö, the best approach is to use a finite noun phrase where the indirect object of the English sentence is now the subject of the inner noun clause.
Thematic Noun Clauses
When you use a subordinate clause as the nucleus of a thematic relation phrase, it often takes on a special meaning due to the combination of a thematic role and the non-concrete nature of subordinate clauses. Here's a list of the different interpretations:
Manner/Material: Accusative Relative Clause
Possibly the most unique of the bunch, due to the fact that this thematic relation is normally used for describing the action directly. When the manner/material thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it amends the description of the direct object as a relative clause.
- Latin
- ɽʋʄꜿɟʌ
bı fos bı ubënus wuitsi xe ogolol, noyo lunsol si gundolë nubuso yë zomo onö bı len sumon en fos noyo köi tüu. "Barely keeping a grip on it, I throw the dog's wet ball as hard as I can."
bı fos unon iskö cübü ün biek sün, nü dënëmëk xe yosten gufuyo kon iskö onö hoi sınsi cüti onö. "Smelling of beer and bread, we searched the small town for the local tavern."
bı xe sıtyo hoi mötö onö, lı zowo xe tö hoköli ogolol si sıskın wohi nimü. "Sitting by the fire was the dog that bit your sister."
ʋȷ ɤ́ ʋȷ ɽʃʋʇƨ́ʃ ʒʃɽ̆ɟɐɟ ɋɿ ɽꜿʓ͊, ƨɀ ʓ̃ʃɐ͊ ɐɟ ꜿ̃ʃʌʓʇ ƨʃʋʃɐ ɀʇ ⱴƶ ɽƨı ʋȷ ʓ̃ɿ ɐʃƶ̃ ɽ̃ɿ ɤ́ ƨɀ ɔıɽɟ cʄɽʃ. "Barely keeping a grip on it, I throw the dog's wet ball as hard as I can."
ʋȷ ɤ́ ɽʃƨ̃ ɽ́ɟɔı ꞇʄʋʄ ɽ̃ʄ ʋɟɽ̑ɿ ɐ̃ʄ, ƨʄ ʌʇƨʇƶ̑ʇ ɋɿ ɀ́c̃ɿ ꜿʃɤʃɀ ɔ̃ ɽ́ɟɔı ɽƨı ɂɽɟ ɐ̃ȷɐɟ ꞇʄcɟ ɽƨı. "Smelling of beer and bread, we searched the small town for the local tavern."
ʋȷ ɋɿ ɐ̆ȷɀ ɂɽɟ ƶıcı ɽƨı, ʓȷ ⱴʒ ɋɿ cı ɂɔıʓɟ ɽꜿʓ͊ ɐɟ ɐ́ȷɔ̃ȷ ʒɂɟ ƨɟƶʄ. "Sitting by the fire was the dog that bit your sister."
It might seem like this should just describe the manner since that's what this thematic relation is for. But, it isn't used for that in this case because the primary sentence structure is already the place where all simultaneous predicates exist. That is to say, if you are describing the action by further utilizing another verb (and you are thinking about using a subordinate clause), you can place this verb as another predicate within the main sentence body instead of using a thematic relation marker. This frees up this marker (when supplied with a subordinate clause) to be used for describing the direct object. Semantically, this is the only valid place that can take a relative clause. Given that this marker is the only one that applies the supplied noun phrase adverbially, it follows that any subordinate clause should be interpreted as being related to the nucleus of the direct object.
Instrument/Means: Nominal Subordinate Clause
When the instrument/means thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it does not have a special interpretation because there are already reasonable situations where an instrument or means could be described using a subordinate clause.
Location/Time: Iterative Condition Subordinate Clause
When the location/time thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it has a special interpretation because there's no valid situation where a location or a time could be a full predicate. Just like the other thematic roles, the usage of this thematic relation with a subordinate clause is still meant to be semantically relevant. Thus, the meaning is taken as an iterative condition which in English can be interepreted as a clause prefaced by "whenever".
Direction/Destination: Terminative Condition Subordinate Clause
When the direction/destination thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it has a special interpretation because there's no valid situation where a direction or a destination could be a full predicate. Just like the other thematic roles, the usage of this thematic relation with a subordinate clause is still meant to be semantically relevant. Thus, the meaning is taken as a terminative condition which in English can be interepreted as a clause prefaced by "until".
Source/Origin: Inchoative Condition Subordinate Clause
When the source/origin thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it has a special interpretation because there's no valid situation where a source or an origin could be a full predicate. Just like the other thematic roles, the usage of this thematic relation with a subordinate clause is still meant to be semantically relevant. Thus, the meaning is taken as a inchoative condition which in English can be interepreted as a clause prefaced by "since".
Beneficiary/Purpose: Nominal Subordinate Clause
When the beneficiary/purpose thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it does not have a special interpretation because there are already reasonable situations where a beneficiary or purpose could be described using a subordinate clause.
Cause: Nominal Subordinate Clause
When the cause thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it does not have a special interpretation because there are already reasonable situations where a cause could be described using a subordinate clause.
Collaborator: Nominal Subordinate Clause
When the collaborator thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it does not have a special interpretation because there are already reasonable situations where a collaborator could be described using a subordinate clause.
Context/Condition: Perfective Condition Subordinate Clause
When the context/condition thematic role is applied to a noun clause, they do reflect normal subordinate clauses but since this thematic relation fits the special class of context/condition, there's a special way to intepret its usage wth noun clauses. The meaning is taken as a perfective condition which in English can be interepreted as a clause prefaced by "if".
Counter-Agent: Nominal Subordinate Clause
When the counter-agent thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it does not have a special interpretation because there are already reasonable situations where a counter-agent could be described using a subordinate clause.
Evidence: Nominal Subordinate Clause
When the evidence thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it does not have a special interpretation because there are already reasonable situations where a evidence could be described using a subordinate clause.
Distance/Duration: Durative Condition Subordinate Clause
When the distance/duration thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it has a special interpretation because there's no valid situation where a distance or a duration could be a full predicate. Just like the other thematic roles, the usage of this thematic relation with a subordinate clause is still meant to be semantically relevant. Thus, the meaning is taken as a continuative condition which in English can be interepreted as a clause prefaced by "while" or "during".
Intermediate: Nominal Subordinate Clause
When the intermediate thematic role is applied to a noun clause, it does not have a special interpretation because there are already reasonable situations where a intermediate could be described using a subordinate clause.
Similative: Comparative Condition Subordinate Clause
When the similative thematic role is applied to a noun clause, they do reflect normal subordinate clauses but since this thematic relation fits the special similative class, there's a special way to intepret its usage wth noun clauses. The meaning is taken as a comparative condition which in English can be interepreted as a clause prefaced by "as if".
Relative Clauses
There are other uses of these same clause particles as relative clause introducers and you can learn more about those usages here.